Operations
From CometWiki
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The following types of operations may be performed on numeric data: | The following types of operations may be performed on numeric data: | ||
| - | Addition | + | Addition |
| - | Subtraction | + | Subtraction |
| - | Multiplication | + | Multiplication |
| - | Division | + | Division |
| - | Modulo | + | Modulo |
| - | Also see the notes about Precedence. | + | Also see the notes about Precedence. |
| - | Addition | + | |
| + | '''Addition''' | ||
| + | |||
The plus sign (+) is the operator used to perform addition on numeric data. | The plus sign (+) is the operator used to perform addition on numeric data. | ||
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LET C = A + B ! Add A and B, giving C | LET C = A + B ! Add A and B, giving C | ||
| - | Subtraction | + | '''Subtraction''' |
| - | + | ||
| - | + | ||
| + | The minus sign (-) is the operator used to perform subtraction on numeric data. | ||
| + | |||
| + | '''Notes:''' | ||
If the result of a subtraction operation exceeds the defined length of a receiving numeric variable, the value will be truncated on the left-hand side without warning. | If the result of a subtraction operation exceeds the defined length of a receiving numeric variable, the value will be truncated on the left-hand side without warning. | ||
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LET C = A - B ! Subtract B from A, giving C | LET C = A - B ! Subtract B from A, giving C | ||
| - | Multiplication | + | '''Multiplication''' |
| + | |||
The asterisk (*) is the operator used to perform multiplication on numeric data. | The asterisk (*) is the operator used to perform multiplication on numeric data. | ||
| + | |||
'''Notes:''' | '''Notes:''' | ||
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LET C = A * B ! Multiply A and B, giving C | LET C = A * B ! Multiply A and B, giving C | ||
| - | Division | + | '''Division''' |
| + | |||
The backslash (/) is the operator used to perform division on numeric data. | The backslash (/) is the operator used to perform division on numeric data. | ||
| + | |||
'''Notes:''' | '''Notes:''' | ||
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LET C = A / B ! Divide A by B, giving C | LET C = A / B ! Divide A by B, giving C | ||
| + | '''Modulo''' | ||
| - | |||
The MOD operator performs a modulo operation on the two numeric values (i.e., it divides the first value by the second value and returns the remainder). | The MOD operator performs a modulo operation on the two numeric values (i.e., it divides the first value by the second value and returns the remainder). | ||
The MOD operator is supported in Comet 504 and greater. | The MOD operator is supported in Comet 504 and greater. | ||
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This operation returns a value of 1. Explanation: 10 divided by 3 equals 3 with a remainder of 1. | This operation returns a value of 1. Explanation: 10 divided by 3 equals 3 with a remainder of 1. | ||
| - | Precedence | + | '''Precedence''' |
| + | |||
In a numeric expression containing multiple operations, the multiplication and division operations are performed first (from left to right). Next, the addition and subtraction operations are performed (also from left to right). | In a numeric expression containing multiple operations, the multiplication and division operations are performed first (from left to right). Next, the addition and subtraction operations are performed (also from left to right). | ||
This algebraic order can be overridden with parentheses. In a numeric expression containing parentheses, operations inside the parentheses will be performed first, followed by the algebraic order previously described. Parentheses may be nested to any level in a numeric expression -- they will be performed from the inside to the outside. | This algebraic order can be overridden with parentheses. In a numeric expression containing parentheses, operations inside the parentheses will be performed first, followed by the algebraic order previously described. Parentheses may be nested to any level in a numeric expression -- they will be performed from the inside to the outside. | ||
| - | |||
Results | Results | ||
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"(" + AREACODE$ + ")" + PHONENUMBER$ | "(" + AREACODE$ + ")" + PHONENUMBER$ | ||
| - | Note: The maximum number of characters in any string is 254. If a concatenation operation results in more characters than have been declared for a receiving variable, characters will be truncated on the right-hand side. THIS TRUNCATION WILL OCCUR WITHOUT WARNING OF ANY KIND. | + | '''Note:''' The maximum number of characters in any string is 254. If a concatenation operation results in more characters than have been declared for a receiving variable, characters will be truncated on the right-hand side. THIS TRUNCATION WILL OCCUR WITHOUT WARNING OF ANY KIND. |
| - | + | ||
== Relational Operations == | == Relational Operations == | ||
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IF A=B OR B=C THEN... ! Either condition may be true | IF A=B OR B=C THEN... ! Either condition may be true | ||
| - | If AND and OR are combined in a relational expression, the AND operator takes precedence (i.e., it will be evaluated first). It is possible to override this precedence with parentheses, just like the precedence in numeric operations can be overridden. | + | If '''AND''' and '''OR''' are combined in a relational expression, the AND operator takes precedence (i.e., it will be evaluated first). It is possible to override this precedence with parentheses, just like the precedence in numeric operations can be overridden. |
| + | |||
For more information on relational operations and logical operations, see the IF statement. | For more information on relational operations and logical operations, see the IF statement. | ||
Beginning with Comet 2004, logical operations are also supported on binary expressions. The AND, OR, and XOR operators are available. | Beginning with Comet 2004, logical operations are also supported on binary expressions. The AND, OR, and XOR operators are available. | ||
| - | The AND operator performs a logical conjunction on two expressions. AND compares identically positioned bits in two numeric expressions and sets the corresponding bit in the result field. A result bit will only be set to 1 if both of the corresponding bits in the expression fields are 1. Otherwise the result bit will be 0. | + | |
| + | The '''AND''' operator performs a logical conjunction on two expressions. AND compares identically positioned bits in two numeric expressions and sets the corresponding bit in the result field. A result bit will only be set to 1 if both of the corresponding bits in the expression fields are 1. Otherwise the result bit will be 0. | ||
For example: | For example: | ||
| - | C = A AND B | + | C = A AND B |
| - | If A = 1010 (binary) and B = 0011 (binary), then C = 0010 (binary). | + | If A = 1010 (binary) and B = 0011 (binary), then C = 0010 (binary). |
| - | The OR operator performs a logical disjunction on two numeric expressions. OR compares identically positioned bits in two numeric expressions and sets the corresponding bit in the result field. A result bit will always be set to 1 unless the corresponding bits in both expression fields are 0. | + | The '''OR''' operator performs a logical disjunction on two numeric expressions. OR compares identically positioned bits in two numeric expressions and sets the corresponding bit in the result field. A result bit will always be set to 1 unless the corresponding bits in both expression fields are 0. |
For example: | For example: | ||
| - | C = A OR B | + | C = A OR B |
| - | If A = 1010 (binary) and B = 0011 (binary), then C = 1011 (binary). | + | If A = 1010 (binary) and B = 0011 (binary), then C = 1011 (binary). |
| - | The XOR operator performs a logical exclusion on two numeric expressions. XOR compares identically positioned bits in two numeric expressions and sets the corresponding bit in the result field. A result bit will only be set to 1 if exactly one of the expression fields has a 1 bit set in the corresponding position. | + | The '''XOR''' operator performs a logical exclusion on two numeric expressions. XOR compares identically positioned bits in two numeric expressions and sets the corresponding bit in the result field. A result bit will only be set to 1 if exactly one of the expression fields has a 1 bit set in the corresponding position. |
For example: | For example: | ||
| - | C = A XOR B | + | C = A XOR B |
| - | If A = 1010 (binary) and B = 0011 (binary), then C = 1001 (binary). | + | If A = 1010 (binary) and B = 0011 (binary), then C = 1001 (binary). |
'''Notes:''' | '''Notes:''' | ||
Contains and SoundsLike operators added 5/09/08 Build 389 | Contains and SoundsLike operators added 5/09/08 Build 389 | ||
Latest revision as of 09:32, 31 May 2009
In addition to these operations, there are may functions that operate on string and/or numeric data. For more information, see the Procedure Division documentation.
Contents |
Numeric Operations
The following types of operations may be performed on numeric data:
Addition Subtraction Multiplication Division Modulo Also see the notes about Precedence.
Addition
The plus sign (+) is the operator used to perform addition on numeric data.
Notes:
If the result of an addition operation exceeds the defined length of a receiving numeric variable, the value will be truncated on the left-hand side without warning.
If the precision of the result exceeds the defined precision of a receiving variable (and the variable has not been defined for automatic rounding), the result will be truncated on the right-hand side. See the ROUND statement for more information. Also see the LET statement.
Example:
LENGTH 5.0 ! Declare the length for A, B, C LOCAL A, B, C ! Declare them as LOCAL variables . LET A = 500 ! Set the value for A LET B = 2000 ! Set the value for B LET C = A + B ! Add A and B, giving C
Subtraction
The minus sign (-) is the operator used to perform subtraction on numeric data.
Notes:
If the result of a subtraction operation exceeds the defined length of a receiving numeric variable, the value will be truncated on the left-hand side without warning.
If the precision of the result exceeds the defined precision of a receiving variable (and the variable has not been defined for automatic rounding), the result will be truncated on the right-hand side. See the ROUND statement for more information. Also see the LET statement.
Example:
LENGTH 5.0 ! Declare the length for A, B, C LOCAL A, B, C ! Declare them as LOCAL variables . LET A = 800 ! Set the value for A LET B = 200 ! Set the value for B LET C = A - B ! Subtract B from A, giving C
Multiplication
The asterisk (*) is the operator used to perform multiplication on numeric data.
Notes:
If the result of a multiplication operation exceeds the defined length of a receiving numeric variable, the value will be truncated on the left-hand side without warning.
If the precision of the result exceeds the defined precision of a receiving variable (and the variable has not been defined for automatic rounding), the result will be truncated on the right-hand side. See the ROUND statement for more information. Also see the LET statement.
Example:
LENGTH 5.0 ! Declare the length for A, B, C LOCAL A, B, C ! Declare them as LOCAL variables . LET A = 150 ! Set the value for A LET B = 25 ! Set the value for B LET C = A * B ! Multiply A and B, giving C
Division
The backslash (/) is the operator used to perform division on numeric data.
Notes:
If the result of a division operation exceeds the defined length of a receiving numeric variable, the value will be truncated on the left-hand side without warning.
If the precision of the result exceeds the defined precision of a receiving variable (and the variable has not been defined for automatic rounding), the result will be truncated on the right-hand side. See the ROUND statement for more information. Also see the LET statement.
Example:
LENGTH 5.0 ! Declare the length for A, B, C LOCAL A, B, C ! Declare them as LOCAL variables . LET A = 150 ! Set the value for A LET B = 25 ! Set the value for B LET C = A / B ! Divide A by B, giving C
Modulo
The MOD operator performs a modulo operation on the two numeric values (i.e., it divides the first value by the second value and returns the remainder). The MOD operator is supported in Comet 504 and greater.
The syntax is:
numeric-value-1 MOD numeric-value-2
Example:
10 MOD 3
This operation returns a value of 1. Explanation: 10 divided by 3 equals 3 with a remainder of 1.
Precedence
In a numeric expression containing multiple operations, the multiplication and division operations are performed first (from left to right). Next, the addition and subtraction operations are performed (also from left to right). This algebraic order can be overridden with parentheses. In a numeric expression containing parentheses, operations inside the parentheses will be performed first, followed by the algebraic order previously described. Parentheses may be nested to any level in a numeric expression -- they will be performed from the inside to the outside.
Results The temporary result of a numeric operation will contain only as many digits to the right of the decimal point as the most precise operand in the expression. For example, if an expression contains operand with two digits of precision and four digits of precision, the temporary result will contain four digits of precision.
String Operations
The Internet Basic language supports the string operation of concatenation. The plus sign (+) is used to indicate concatenation (the combining of strings). For example, concatenating two string variables would look like this:
FIRSTNAME$ + LASTNAME$
You may concatenate string constants, string variables, and string functions. Here is an example of concatenating constants with variables:
"(" + AREACODE$ + ")" + PHONENUMBER$
Note: The maximum number of characters in any string is 254. If a concatenation operation results in more characters than have been declared for a receiving variable, characters will be truncated on the right-hand side. THIS TRUNCATION WILL OCCUR WITHOUT WARNING OF ANY KIND.
Relational Operations
The Internet Basic language supports relational operations in IF/THEN statements. The following operations are supported:
Operation Internet Basic syntax Equal to EQ or = Not equal to NE or NOT= Greater than GT or > Greater than or equal to GE or >= Less than LT or < Less than or equal to LE or <= Contains Contains (Strings only) Soundslike Soundslike (Strings only)
Additional information:
When comparing string values, the ASCII values for the characters are compared. For example, upper case "A" is considered to be less than lower case "a" because the ASCII value for "A" (i.e., 65) is less than the ASCII value for "a" (i.e., 97). Thus, it is possible to determine correct alphabetical order for strings using relational comparisons. See the ASCII chart.
Two strings are considered to be equal only when they are identical and have the same current length (number of characters).
The Contains operator will be true if the left hand string operand contains the right hand string operand.
The Soundslike operator will be true if the soundex key of both operands are equal.
Both the Contains and Soundslike operators are case insensitive.
Logical Operations
The Internet Basic language supports the AND and OR logical operations to be used in conjunction with relational expressions. The AND operator tests whether both relational conditions are true, while the OR operator tests for truth of either relational condition. For example:
IF A=B AND B=C THEN... ! Both conditions must be true
IF A=B OR B=C THEN... ! Either condition may be true
If AND and OR are combined in a relational expression, the AND operator takes precedence (i.e., it will be evaluated first). It is possible to override this precedence with parentheses, just like the precedence in numeric operations can be overridden.
For more information on relational operations and logical operations, see the IF statement.
Beginning with Comet 2004, logical operations are also supported on binary expressions. The AND, OR, and XOR operators are available.
The AND operator performs a logical conjunction on two expressions. AND compares identically positioned bits in two numeric expressions and sets the corresponding bit in the result field. A result bit will only be set to 1 if both of the corresponding bits in the expression fields are 1. Otherwise the result bit will be 0. For example:
C = A AND B If A = 1010 (binary) and B = 0011 (binary), then C = 0010 (binary).
The OR operator performs a logical disjunction on two numeric expressions. OR compares identically positioned bits in two numeric expressions and sets the corresponding bit in the result field. A result bit will always be set to 1 unless the corresponding bits in both expression fields are 0. For example:
C = A OR B If A = 1010 (binary) and B = 0011 (binary), then C = 1011 (binary).
The XOR operator performs a logical exclusion on two numeric expressions. XOR compares identically positioned bits in two numeric expressions and sets the corresponding bit in the result field. A result bit will only be set to 1 if exactly one of the expression fields has a 1 bit set in the corresponding position. For example:
C = A XOR B If A = 1010 (binary) and B = 0011 (binary), then C = 1001 (binary).
Notes: Contains and SoundsLike operators added 5/09/08 Build 389
